Male Factor Infertility

Male factor contributes to approximately 40–50% of all infertility cases. A semen analysis evaluates sperm concentration (count), progressive motility (movement toward an egg), and morphology (shape). WHO reference values include concentration ≥16 million/mL, progressive motility ≥30%, and normal morphology ≥4% (Kruger strict criteria).

Causes include varicocele (enlarged testicular veins), hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, infections, lifestyle factors (heat, smoking, obesity), and obstructions. Evaluation includes semen analysis, hormone panel, and sometimes genetic testing. Treatment ranges from varicocele repair to gonadotropin therapy to ICSI using surgically retrieved sperm, depending on the underlying cause.